Fabrication method for a computer-generated hologram or a holographic stereogram in which a three-dimensional object having visualized cross-sectional surfaces is recorded and computer-generated hologram/holographic

ABSTRACT

A method for fabricating a computer-generated hologram or a holographic stereogram can reconstruct a three-dimensional object having visualized cross-sectional surfaces, wherein the three-dimensional object composed only of surface data is processed to have visualized cross-sectional surfaces on a given cross section thereof by adding surface data to cross-sectional surfaces. The method includes obtaining a number of two-dimensional cross-sectional image data of a three-dimensional object, producing three-dimensional object image data composed only of surface data of the three-dimensional object from the two-dimensional cross-sectional image data obtained above, cutting the three-dimensional object surface data along a predetermined cross section, defining the shape by adding surface data representing cross-sectional surfaces on the cut cross section to the same, defining the arrangement of the defined three-dimensional object, a hologram plane, and a reference beam to compute interference fringes on the hologram plane, and recording the interference fringes on a recording medium.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a fabrication method for acomputer-generated hologram (CGH) or a holographic stereogram in which athree-dimensional object having visualized cross-sectional surfaces isrecorded, and a computer-generated hologram and a holographic stereogramin which a three-dimensional object having visualized cross-sectionalsurfaces is recorded. More particularly, the present invention relatesto a method for recording a three-dimensional object composed ofthree-dimensional measured data as a computer-generated hologram or aholographic stereogram, wherein the computer-generated hologram or theholographic stereogram is processed to enable a given cross section ofthe three-dimensional object to be observed, and relates to acomputer-generated hologram and a holographic stereogram thusfabricated.

BACKGROUND OF THE ART

Generally, examples of measuring devices for observing internalstructures include an X-ray CT (X-ray Computer Tomography), an MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging), and a TEM (Transmittance ElectronMicroscope). Nowadays, a technology, in which a plurality oftwo-dimensional sectional image data of a target obtained by one of suchmeasuring devices are processed to enable a three-dimensional structureof the target to be observed, has been proposed (Non-patent document 1).

Since a two-dimensional image display such as a CRT display should beused as a device for displaying the thus obtained three-dimensionalstructure, however, the image actually observed is a two-dimensionalimage even if the display shows the three-dimensional structure.

Besides, since the three-dimensional structure obtained by processingthe two-dimensional cross sectional image data is composed only ofsurface data of the three-dimensional object (the target),cross-sectional surfaces obtained by cutting the three-dimensional imagealong a given cross section must be shown only by their outlines, thatis, the three-dimensional image displayed can not have normalcross-sectional surfaces.

Moreover, it is impossible to record such three-dimensional structure ina three-dimensional display medium for the purpose of distribution andthe like.

[Patent document 1]

Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 2001-109362

[Patent document 2]

Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 2002-204796

[Patent document 3]

Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 2004-264839

[Patent document 4]

Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No.2002-72837

[Patent document 5]

Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. S52(1977)-4855

[Patent document 6]

Japanese patent No. 2,884,646

[Patent document 7]

Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. H06(1994)-266274

[Patent document 8]

Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. H07 (1995)-261649

[Patent document 9]

Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 2001-318578

[Non-patent document 1]

Phys. Rev. Lett., 84, pp. 518-521, 2000

[Non-patent document 2]

“3D Image Conference '99” collected lecture articles CD-ROM (Jun. 30 toJul. 1, 1999 Kogakuin university Shinjyuku campus), “Image type binaryCGH by EB printing (3) —Improvement of stereoscopic effect by hiddensurface removal and shading—”

[Non-patent document 3]

J. Optical Society of America, A/Vol.1 (6), (1984), pp. 612-619

[Non-patent document 4]

“Functional materials” 2002 October issue (Vol. 22, No. 10), pp. 11-19

[Non-patent document 5]

“Phisics Sampler 22. Holography” written by Junpei Tsujiuchi pp. 33-36(issued by Shokabo Publishing Co., Ltd. (Nov. 5, 1997)

[Non-patent document 6]

The 20^(th) image conference collected papers pp. 323-326 (1989)

[Non-patent document 7]

The 21^(st) image conference collected papers pp. 243-246 (1990)

[Non-patent document 8]

The 23^(rd) image conference collected papers pp. 317-320 (1992)

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is made in order to solve the above describedproblems of the conventional technologies. It is an object of thepresent invention to provide a method for fabricating acomputer-generated hologram in which three-dimensional object data arerecorded to allow reconstruction of a three-dimensional object havingvisualized cross-sectional surfaces, wherein the three-dimensionalobject composed only of surface data is cut along a given cross sectionand surface data are added to cross-sectional surfaces on the crosssection so as to visualize the cross-sectional surfaces, and to providesuch a computer-generated hologram itself.

It is another object of the present invention is to provide a method forfabricating a holographic stereogram which a three-dimensional objecthaving visualized cross-sectional surfaces is reconstructably recordedand to provide such a holographic stereogram itself.

A fabrication method for a computer-generated hologram, in which athree-dimensional object having visualized cross-sectional surfaces isrecorded, of the present invention capable of achieving the abovedescribed object is a fabrication method for a computer-generatedhologram, in which a three-dimensional object having visualizedcross-sectional surfaces, including: a step of obtaining a number oftwo-dimensional image data of a three-dimensional object; a step ofproducing three-dimensional image data composed only of surface data ofthe three-dimensional object from the two-dimensional image dataobtained in the above step; a step of cutting the three-dimensionalobject composed only of the surface data produced in the above stepalong a predetermined cross section; a step of defining the shape of thethree-dimensional object to be recorded in a hologram by adding surfacedata representing cross-sectional surfaces on the cut cross section tothe same; a step of defining the arrangement of the three-dimensionalobject defined in the above step, a hologram plane, and a reference beamto compute interference fringes on the hologram plane; and a step ofrecording the interference fringes computed in the above step onto arecording medium.

In this case, the two-dimensional cross-sectional image data of thethree-dimensional object are obtained by, for example, an X-ray CT, anMRI, or a TEM.

Another fabrication method for a computer-generated hologram, in which athree-dimensional object having visualized cross-sectional surfaces isrecorded, of the present invention is a fabrication method for acomputer-generated hologram, in which a three-dimensional object havingvisualized cross-sectional surfaces is recorded, including: a step ofobtaining volume data of a three-dimensional object; a step of producingthree-dimensional image data composed only of surface data of thethree-dimensional object from the volume data obtained in the abovestep; a step of cutting the three-dimensional object composed only ofthe surface data produced in the above step along a predetermined crosssection; a step of defining the shape of the three-dimensional object tobe recorded in a hologram by adding surface data representingcross-sectional surfaces on the cut cross section to the same; a step ofdefining the arrangement of the three-dimensional object defined in theabove step, a hologram plane, and a reference beam to computeinterference fringes on the hologram plane; and a step of recording theinterference fringes computed in the above step onto a recording medium.

In this case, the volume data of the three-dimensional object areobtained by, for example, an X-ray CT, an MRI, or a TEM.

The present invention includes a computer-generated hologram in which athree-dimensional object having visualized cross-sectional surfaces isrecorded, wherein the computer-generated hologram is fabricated by theaforementioned fabrication method.

The present invention also includes a computer-generated hologram inwhich a three-dimensional object having visualized cross-sectionalsurfaces is recorded, wherein one or more computer-generated holograms,in which a three-dimensional object which is cut along a given crosssection and of which cross-sectional surfaces on the cross section arevisualized is reconstructably recorded, and a computer-generatedhologram, in which the three-dimensional object before cut isreconstructably recorded, are multiplexed and recorded as a singlecomputer-generated hologram.

In this case, the three-dimensional object is recorded such thatthree-dimensional objects to be reconstructed from the respectivecomputer-generated holograms are multiplexed and recorded to have thesame relative positions therebetween.

The present invention includes a printed matter with acomputer-generated hologram attached at a predetermined positionthereof, wherein the computer-generated hologram is fabricated by theaforementioned fabrication method.

A fabrication method for a holographic stereogram, in which athree-dimensional object having visualized cross-sectional surfaces isrecorded, of the present invention is a fabrication method for aholographic stereogram, in which a three-dimensional object havingvisualized cross-sectional surfaces is recorded, including: a step ofobtaining a number of two-dimensional image data of a three-dimensionalobject; a step of producing three-dimensional image data composed onlyof surface data of the three-dimensional object from the two-dimensionalimage data obtained in the above step; a step of cutting thethree-dimensional object composed only of the surface data produced inthe above step along a predetermined cross section; a step of definingthe shape of the three-dimensional object to be recorded in a hologramby adding surface data representing cross-sectional surfaces on the cutcross section to the same; a step of producing a plurality oftwo-dimensional original images as observed in different observingdirections from the three-dimensional object defined in the above step;and a step of recording element holograms relating to saidtwo-dimensional original images to positions on a hologram planecorresponding to the observing directions, respectively, such that thetwo-dimensional original images are arranged in one-dimensionaldirection or in two-dimensional directions.

In this case, the two-dimensional image data of the three-dimensionalobject are obtained by, for example, an X-ray CT, an MRI, or a TEM.

Another fabrication method for a holographic stereogram, in which athree-dimensional object having visualized cross-sectional surfaces isrecorded, of the present invention is a fabrication method for aholographic stereogram, in which a three-dimensional object havingvisualized cross-sectional surfaces is recorded, including: a step ofobtaining volume data of a three-dimensional object; a step of producingthree-dimensional image data composed only of surface data of thethree-dimensional object from the volume data obtained in the abovestep; a step of cutting the three-dimensional object composed only ofthe surface data produced in the above step along a predetermined crosssection; a step of defining the shape of the three-dimensional object tobe recorded in a hologram by adding surface data representingcross-sectional surfaces on the cut cross section to the same; a step ofproducing a plurality of two-dimensional original images as observed indifferent observing directions from the three-dimensional object definedin the above step; and a step of recording element holograms relating tosaid two-dimensional original images to positions on a hologram planecorresponding to the observing directions, respectively, such that thetwo-dimensional original images are arranged in one-dimensionaldirection or in two-dimensional directions.

In this case, the volume data of the three-dimensional object areobtained by, for example, an X-ray CT, an MRI, or a TEM.

The present invention also includes a holographic stereogram in which athree-dimensional object having visualized cross-sectional surfaces isrecorded, wherein the holographic stereogram is fabricated by theaforementioned fabrication method.

The present invention includes a printed matter with a holographicstereogram attached at a predetermined position thereof, wherein theholographic stereogram is fabricated by the aforementioned fabricationmethod.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a flow chart showing a fabrication process for acomputer-generated hologram of the present invention;

FIGS. 2( a)-2(c) are schematic illustrations for explaining a step forobtaining a plurality of two-dimensional image data of athree-dimensional object;

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration for explaining a step for producingvoxel data which represent the three-dimensional object;

FIG. 4 is schematic illustration for explaining a step for producingpolygon data which represent the shape of the three-dimensional object;

FIG. 5 is schematic illustration showing a state that thethree-dimensional object, which is composed only of surface data, is cutalong a given cross section;

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration for explaining a step for visualizingsurfaces on the cross section by adding polygon data representing thesurfaces on the cross section;

FIG. 7 is a flow chart showing another fabrication process for acomputer-generated hologram of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration showing an aspect of defining aplurality of recording areas on a recording surface of a CGH recordingmedium for multiplexing;

FIGS. 9( a) and 9(b) are schematic illustrations for explaining the wayof multiplexing recording of the CGH;

FIG. 10 is a flow chart for explaining the outline of the fabricationprocess for the CGH;

FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration for explaining the hidden surfaceremoval process in the case of CGH recording;

FIG. 12 is an illustration for explaining another principle for acomputer-generated hologram which can be adapted as a CGH fabricationmethod in the present invention;

FIG. 13 is an illustration for explaining the aspect of stereoimagereconstruction from a computer-generated hologram according to theprinciple of FIG. 12;

FIG. 14 is a flow chart for explaining the fabrication method for acomputer-generated hologram according to the principle of FIG. 12;

FIG. 15 is an illustration for explaining a computer-generated hologramof another form which is adapted as a CGH fabrication method in thepresent invention;

FIG. 16 is an illustration for explaining the aspect of stereoimagereconstruction from a computer-generated hologram according to theprinciple of FIG. 15;

FIG. 17 is a flow chart for explaining the fabrication method for acomputer-generated hologram according to the principle of FIG. 15;

FIG. 18 is an illustration showing the principle of a holographicstereogram according to a multi-dot recording method which is adapted tothe fabrication method for a holographic stereogram of the presentinvention;

FIG. 19 is a schematic view showing an example of the fabrication systemfor a holographic stereogram according to the multi-dot recording methodof the present invention; and

FIG. 20 is a flow chart for explaining an example of the fabricationprocess for the holographic stereogram according to the multi-dotrecording method of the present invention.

BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Hereinafter, a fabrication method for a computer-generated hologram, inwhich a three-dimensional object having visualized cross sections isrecorded, of the present invention will be described. First, a number oftwo-dimensional cross-sectional image data of a target three-dimensionalobject to be measured are obtained by a measuring device such as anX-ray CT, an MRI, or a TEM. From the two-dimensional cross-sectionalimage data, a three-dimensional image composed only of surface data(polygon data) of the three-dimensional object is produced as CG(computer graphic) data. Further, cross-sectional surfaces of theobtained three-dimensional image when the three-dimensional image is cutalong a given section (in this state, the section does not have surfacedata (polygon data)) are visualized by giving surface data (polygondata) to the cross-sectional surfaces, thereby fabricating CG data ofthe three-dimensional object having visualized cross-sectional surfaces.From the CG data of the three-dimensional object having visualizedcross-sectional surfaces, a computer-generated hologram capable ofreconstructing the three-dimensional object having the visualizedcross-sectional surfaces is fabricated according to a well known CGHfabrication method (for example, see Non-patent document 2). This is themethod of the present invention.

As an example of the CGH fabrication method, a case of a binary hologramin which intensity distribution of interference fringes is recorded andof which reconstructed image has only horizontal parallax and isobserved from above with white light will be briefly described. As shownin FIG. 10, in a step ST1, the shape of an object to be recorded into aCGH is defined. Then, in a step ST2, the spatial arrangement of theobject, a CGH surface, and a reference beam is defined. In a step ST3,the object is split vertically by the slicing in horizontal planes andis replaced by groups of point sources on the slice surfaces. Then in astep ST4, at each sampling point defined over the CGH surface, theintensity of interference fringes which are produced by the referencebeam and a beam arriving from each of the point sources composing theobject is computed based on the spatial arrangement, so as to getinterference fringe data. The obtained interference fringe data arequantized in a step ST5 and are converted into EB lithographyrectangular data in a step ST6. Then, in a step ST7, the EB lithographyrectangular data are recorded in a medium by an EB lithography system,thereby obtaining a CGH.

During the calculation of the interference fringes, hidden surfaceremoval process is performed. The hidden surface removal process is aprocess for making portions, which are hidden by the front object,invisible when the object is observed from a certain viewpoint. By thehidden surface removal process, the overlapping information of theobjects is added to the retinal image, thus providing a stereoscopiceffect. In the case of CGH recording, the hidden surface removal processis carried out by the following procedure.

As shown in FIG. 11, at each point light source composing the object 1,areas (hatched area of FIG. 11) where the point light sources are hiddenby objects 1, 2 are computed. In the case of the CGH fabricated by theprocedure of FIG. 10, the objects 1, are sliced at the horizontal planesand have parallaxes only in the horizontal direction. Therefore, theareas of the object 1 where the point light sources thereof are hiddenby the objects 1, 2 are computed from the positional relation betweenpoints and lines on each slice surface. In case where sampling points ofthe interference fringes distributed on the CGH surface are in the areaswhere the point light sources are hidden and which have been computedabove (black circles of FIG. 11), the point light sources at thesampling points are excluded from the information for calculation ofintensity of the interference fringes by the hidden surface removalprocess. From the reconstructed image of the object 1 of the CGH thusprocessed, reconstructing light is not diffracted on the hatched areasof FIG. 11. If the observer's viewpoint enters to the areas, the areasof object 1 corresponding to the point light sources are hidden by theimage of object 2 and are thus invisible.

According to the fabrication method for the computer-generated hologramin which three-dimensional object having the visualized cross sectionsis recorded of the present invention, the shape of the object to berecorded in CGH as defined in the step ST1 of FIG. 10 is defined asfollows. In the above case of the fabrication method for CGH, athree-dimensional image as CG data composed only of surface data(polygon data) is first fabricated from a plurality of two-dimensionalsectional image data obtained by the measuring device such as a TEM.Then, the obtained three-dimensional image composed only of the surfacedata (polygon data) is cut along a given cross section. Since the crosssection of the three-dimensional image is shown only by the outlineportion thereof, a new surface (visualized cross section) is produced bynewly adding surface data (polygon data) to the cross section of thethree-dimensional image. Accordingly, the shape of the object to berecorded in CGH as defined in the step ST1 of FIG. 10 is defined as ashape of the object in which the new surface is added to the crosssection of the three-dimensional image.

The aforementioned procedure for defining the shape data of the objectto be recorded as a CGH will be described with reference to thedrawings. First, in a step ST11 of FIG. 1, a number of two-dimensionalcross-sectional image data of a target three-dimensional object areobtained by using a measuring device such as a TEM. As schematicallyillustrated, as shown in FIGS. 2( a)-2(c), two-dimensional image datal₁, l₂, l₃, . . . , l_(n) of which the positions (height) of the targetthree-dimensional object are different are obtained by the measuringdevice such as a TEM, an X-ray-CT, an MRI as mentioned above.

Then, in a step ST12 of FIG. 1, by piling up the obtainedtwo-dimensional cross-sectional image data l₁, l₂, l₃, . . . , l_(n) inthree-dimensional perspective depending on the cross section positions(height), voxel (volume) data 2 representing the targetthree-dimensional object are produced as shown in FIG. 3. After that,from the voxel data 2, polygon data (surface data) 3 representing theshape of the three-dimensional object are produced, as shown in FIG. 4.

In a step ST13 of FIG. 1, the produced three-dimensional object composedonly of the surface data (polygon data) 3 is cut along a given crosssection 11 as shown in FIG. 5. Since the surfaces of thethree-dimensional object composed of polygon data are out of sight fromthe inside of the object, the three-dimensional object which is cutalong the given section 11 is displayed as seen in FIG. 5. That is,outlines drawn in broken lines are not displayed. Further, thecross-sectional surface of the object is not displayed and the surfacebehind it appears when seeing the outside from the viewpoint inside theobject via the cross-sectional surface and the surface of the object.For example, a left outline, a bottom outline, and a part of the innersurface of a left cross-sectional surface 51 in FIG. 5 are not displayed(are not seen) because it is assumed that these are seen from the insideof the object. A left outline and a bottom outline of a rightcross-sectional surface 52 in FIG. 5 of the cylinder are not displayed(are not seen) because it is assumed that these are seen from the insideof the object.

However, the inner surface (in part) of the cylinder on the backgroundside is seen through the right cross-sectional surface 52 of thecylinder. Through a cross section 6 of a sphere inside the cylindershown in FIG. 5, a rear face of the sphere at the background side is notseen and the inner surface (in part) of the cylinder is seen through.Besides, through a cross section 7 of a cuboid inside the cylinder shownin FIG. 5, a rear face of the cuboid at the background side is not seenand the inner surface (in part) of the cylinder is seen through. Asmentioned above, as the three-dimensional object composed only of thepolygon data 3 is cut along the given cross section 11, only parts ofthe outlines at the cross section are displayed, that is, not all of theoutlines at the cross section is displayed. At the same time, surfaceimages which are normally invisible are seen through the cross-sectionalsurfaces. It should be noted that the outline data which are shown bythe broken lines on the cross section 11 for cutting the polygon data 3are produced mathematically.

Then, in a step ST14 of FIG. 1, corresponding polygon data (surfacedata) are applied to the cross-sectional surfaces produced by cuttingalong the cross section 11, that is, the cross-sectional surface 5 ₁,the cross-sectional surface 5 ₂, and cross-sectional surfaces 6, 7 ofFIG. 5, so that the new polygon data are added to the three-dimensionalimage cut along the cross-sectional surfaces 5 ₁, 5 ₂, 6, and 7, therebydefining the shape of the three-dimensional object 10 to be recordedinto a CGH as shown in FIG. 6. Three-dimensional object 10 having thecross-sectional surfaces 5 ₁, 5 ₂, 6, and 7 treated with the polygondata is recorded as CG data of a natural three-dimensional image.

In this manner, the three-dimensional object having visualizedcross-sectional surfaces defined in the step ST11 through the step ST14is treated by the same processes as the steps ST2 to ST7 of FIG. 10,thereby obtaining a CGH in which the three-dimensional object havingvisualized cross-sectional surfaces. That is, in a step ST15, thespatial arrangement of the object, a CGH surface, and a reference beamis defined. In a step ST16, the three-dimensional object is splitvertically by the slicing in horizontal planes and is replaced by groupsof point sources on the slice surfaces. Then in a step ST17, at eachsampling point defined over the CGH surface, the intensity ofinterference fringes, which are produced by arriving light from each ofthe point sources composing the object and the reference beam, iscomputed based on the spatial arrangement, so as to get interferencefringe data. Next, the obtained interference fringe data are quantizedin a step ST18 and are converted into EB lithography rectangular data ina step ST19. Then, in a step ST20, the EB lithography rectangular dataare recorded in a medium by an EB lithography system, thereby obtaininga CGH.

By the way, from the X-ray-CT, the MRI, and the TEM, voxel (volume) data2 for expressing the target three-dimensional object as shown in FIG. 3can be obtained (Patent document 2, Non-patent document 3, Non-patentdocument 4). However, the data structure obtained in this case is not alaminated structure as shown in FIG. 3, and is composed of microcubeswhich are produced by sectioning the three-dimensional space into themicrocubes and adding object data to each of the microcubes. From thevoxel (volume) data 2, a CGH in which the three-dimensional object isreconstructably recorded can be fabricated by the same processes as thesteps ST12 to ST20 of FIG. 1, CGH, wherein the three-dimensional objectis cut along a given cross section and has cross-sectional surfaces onthe cross section which are visualized. Hereinafter, the flow thereofwill be briefly described.

In a step ST21 of FIG. 7, voxel (volume) data 2 of the targetthree-dimensional object are obtained by using measuring device such asa three-dimensional X-ray-CT. In a step ST22, as shown in FIG. 4,polygon data (surface data) 3 which represent the shape of thethree-dimensional object are produced from the obtained voxel (volume)data 2. In step ST23 of FIG. 7, as shown in FIG. 5, thethree-dimensional object composed only of the produced surface data(polygon data) 3 is cut along a given cross section 11. Since thesurfaces of the three-dimensional object composed of polygon data areout of sight from the inside of the object, the three-dimensional objectwhich is cut along the given section 11 is displayed as seen in FIG. 5.That is, outlines drawn in broken lines are not displayed. Further, thecross-sectional surface of the object is not displayed and the surfacebehind it appears when seeing the outside from the viewpoint inside theobject via the cross-sectional surface and the surface of the object.For example, a left outline, a bottom outline, and a part of the innersurface of a left cross-sectional surface 5 ₁ in FIG. 5 are notdisplayed (are not sheen) because it is assumed that these are seen fromthe inside of the object. A left outline and a bottom outline of a rightcross-sectional surface 5 ₂ in FIG. 5 of the cylinder are not displayed(are not seen) because it is assumed that these are seen from the insideof the object. However, the inner surface (in part) of the cylinder onthe background side is seen through the right cross-sectional surface 5₂ of the cylinder. Through a cross section 6 of a sphere inside thecylinder shown in FIG. 5, a rear face of the sphere at the backgroundside is not seen and the inner surface (in part) of the cylinder is seenthrough. Besides, through a cross section 7 of a cuboid inside thecylinder shown in FIG. 5, a rear face of the cuboid at the backgroundside is not seen and the inner surface of the cylinder is seen through.As mentioned above, as the three-dimensional object composed only of thepolygon data 3 is cut along the given cross section 11, only parts ofthe outlines at the cross section are displayed, that is, not all of theoutlines at the cross section is displayed. At the same time, surfaceimages which are normally invisible are seen through the cross-sectionalsurfaces. It should be noted that the outline data which are shown bythe broken lines on the cross section 11 are produced mathematically.

Then, in a step ST24 of FIG. 7, corresponding polygon data (surfacedata) are applied to the cross-sectional surfaces produced by cuttingalong the cross section 11, that is, the cross-sectional surface 5 ₁,the cross-sectional surface 5 ₂, and cross-sectional surfaces 6, 7 ofFIG. 5, so that the new polygon data are added to the three-dimensionalimage cut along the cross-sectional surfaces 5 ₁, 5 ₂, 6, and 7, therebydefining the shape of the three-dimensional object 10 to be recordedinto a CGH as shown in FIG. 6. Three-dimensional object 10 having thecross-sectional surfaces 5 ₁, 5 ₂, 6, and 7 treated with the polygondata is recorded as CG data of a natural three-dimensional image.

In this manner, the three-dimensional object having visualizedcross-sectional surfaces defined in the step ST21 to ST24 is treated toobtain a CGH in which the three-dimensional object having visualizedcross-sectional surfaces. That is, in a step ST25, the spatialarrangement of the three-dimensional object, a CGH surface, and areference beam is defined. In a step ST26, the three-dimensional objectis split vertically by the slicing in horizontal planes and is replacedby groups of point sources on the slice surfaces. Then in a step ST27,at each sampling point defined over the CGH surface, the intensity ofinterference fringes, which are produced by arriving light from each ofthe point sources composing the object with the reference beam, iscomputed based on the spatial arrangement, so as to get interferencefringe data. Next, the obtained interference fringe data are quantizedin a step ST28 and are converted into EB lithography rectangular data ina step ST29. Then, in a step ST30, the EB lithography rectangular dataare recorded in a medium by an EB lithography system, thereby obtaininga CGH.

In the CGH thus obtained, the three-dimensional object having thecross-sectional surfaces 5 ₁, 5 ₂, 6, and 7 as shown in FIG. 6 isreconstructably recorded.

Another CGH can be obtained in which the three-dimensional object isreconstructably recorded, wherein the three-dimensional object is thesame, but is cut along a different given cross section and hascross-sectional surfaces on the cross section which are visualized.

Of course, still another CGH can be obtained in which thethree-dimensional object is reconstructably recorded, wherein thethree-dimensional object is original, that is, not cut as shown in FIG.4.

Moreover, one or more CGHs are prepared in which the three-dimensionalobject is reconstructably recorded, wherein the three-dimensional objectis cut along several cross sections and cross-sectional surfaces on thecross section are visualized. In addition, a CGH is also prepared inwhich the three-dimensional object is reconstructably recorded, whereinthe three-dimensional object is original, that is, not cut. These CGHsare multiplexed (for example, see Patent document 1) and recorded in asingle CGH, thereby fabricating the CGH which allows the whole shape ofthe three-dimensional object to be displayed and also allows the shapeof the three-dimensional object which is cut at the given cross sectionsto be displayed by changing the viewpoint of the observer or theincident direction of reconstruction beam. The procedure will bedescribed based on the method disclosed in Patent document 1.

The original three-dimensional object not cut as shown in FIG. 4 isassumed as an object Fa, the three-dimensional object as shown in FIG.6, in which the three-dimensional object is cut along a single crosssection and the cross-sectional surfaces on the cross section arevisualized, is assumed as an object Fb, and the three-dimensional objectnot shown, in which the same three-dimensional object cut along adifferent cross section and cross-sectional surfaces on the crosssection are visualized, is assumed as an object Fc. By recording thethree three-dimensional objects to be overlapped into a single medium,the three-dimensional object which is not cut and the three-dimensionalobjects which are cut along the different cross sections and havecross-sectional surfaces on the cross section which are visualized canbe selectively reconstructed by changing the viewpoint location of theobserver. Description will now be made as regard to this case. First, asshown in FIG. 8, a plurality of recording areas are defined on therecording surface of a recording medium 20. Here, assuming that therecording surface is on an XY plane, the respective recording areas areeach defined as n rectangular area elongated in the direction of X axis.That is, in the example of FIG. 8, nine recording areas A1, B1, C1, A2,B2, C2, A3, B3, C3 are defined. All of the recording areas are identicalrectangular areas which are elongated in the direction of X axis andhave a width h in the direction of Y axis. In principle, a plurality ofgroups are defined corresponding to the number of three-dimensionalobjects to be recorded and the respective recording areas are affiliatedto either group. In the example illustrated here, since the threethree-dimensional objects are recorded to be overlapped, three differentgroups Ga, Gb, Gc are defined and the respective recording areas areaffiliated to either of the three groups. In the example of FIG. 8, therecording areas A1, A2, A3 are affiliated to the group Ga, the recordingareas B1, B2, B3 are affiliated to the group Gb, and the recording areasC1, C2, C3 are affiliated to the group Gc. In FIG. 8, the groups towhich the respective recording area are affiliated are in parentheses.

As the respective recording areas are categorized into the groups, theinformation related to the specific three-dimensional object is recordedin recording areas affiliated to a specific group. For example, in caseof recording the three three-dimensional objects Fa, Fb, and Fc, thethree-dimensional object Fa is recorded in the recording areas A1, A2,and A3 affiliated to the group Ga, the three-dimensional object Fb isrecorded in the recording areas B1, B2, and B3 affiliated to the groupGb, and the three-dimensional object Fc is recorded in the recordingareas C1, C2, and C3 affiliated to the group Gc. In this case, thethree-dimensional objects Fa, Fb, and Fc recorded in the recording areasof the respective groups are defined and recorded such that thethree-dimensional objects Fa, Fb, Fc are placed at the same positionrelative to the recording surface of the recording medium 20 to have thesame position relative to each other when reconstructed (the step ST15of FIG. 1). The recording is conducted such that the incident directionof the reference beam to the recording surface of the recording medium20 is set to be different from group to group. This recording methodwill be described specifically with reference to FIG. 9( a), 9(b).

First, as shown in FIG. 9( a), the first three-dimensional object Fa isrecorded in the recording areas A1, A2, and A3 affiliated to the groupGa. During this, the reference beam Ra is irradiated from a firstdirection onto the recording surface so that interference fringesproduced by the object beam Oa of the three-dimensional object Fa andthe reference beam Ra are recorded in the respective recording areas A1,A2, and A3. As a matter of course, the record is a record of a CGH. Inactuality, the interference fringes by the object beam Oa and thereference beam Ra are obtained by calculation (the step ST17 of FIG. 1)and the interference fringes are recorded by the EB lithography or thelike. The same is true of the other recording areas B1, B2, B3, C1, C2,and C3.

Next, as shown in FIG. 9( b), the second three-dimensional object Fb isrecorded in the recording areas B1, B2, and B3 which are affiliated tothe group Gb. During this, the reference beam Rb is irradiated from asecond direction onto the recording surface so that interference fringesproduced by the object beam Ob of the three-dimensional object Fb andthe reference beam Rb are recorded in the respective recording areas B1,B2, and B3.

In the last place, the third three-dimensional object Fc is recorded inthe recording areas C1, C2, and C3 which are affiliated to the group Gc,but not shown. During this, the reference beam Rb is irradiated from athird direction onto the recording surface so that interference fringesproduced by the object beam Oc of the three-dimensional object Fc andthe reference beam Rc are recorded in the respective recording areas C1,C2, and C3.

In this manner, the recording of the interference fringes into the wholerecording surface of the recording medium 20 is achieved. As a matter ofcourse, in actuality, the interference fringes obtained by calculationare simultaneously recorded into the whole recording surface of therecording medium 20 by the EB lithography or the like.

During the recording in the recording areas of the respective groups,the reference beams Ra, Rb, and Rc are irradiated from the differentincident directions to the recording surface. As mentioned above, thethree-dimensional objects are recorded with the respective referencebeams in the different incident directions, whereby the different imagesof the three-dimensional objects Fa, Fb, and Fc are allowed to beselectively observed by changing the incident direction of thereconstruction beam with the viewpoint location of the observer and theorientation of the CGH being fixed, by changing the viewpoint locationof the observer with the incident direction of the reconstruction beamand the orientation of the CGH being fixed, or by changing theorientation of the CGH with the viewpoint location of the observer andthe incident direction of the reconstruction beam being fixed. Accordingto the present invention, by changing the viewpoint, the incidentdirection of the reconstruction beam, or the orientation of the CGH, thewhole shape of the three-dimensional object and the shape of the samewhen cut along the given cross section can be observed selectively.

Though three shapes of the identical three-dimensional object arerecorded to be overlapped, two shapes or four or more shapes may berecorded to be overlapped.

By the way, the fabrication method for a CGH having visualizedcross-sectional surfaces as defined in the steps ST11 to ST14 of FIG. 1and The steps ST21 to ST24 of FIG. 7 and the fabrication method for aCGH to be recorded in the respective groups Ga, Gb, and Gc of FIG. 8 arenot limited to fabrication method for a CGH which is a binary hologramin which intensity distribution of interference fringes are recorded asshown in the steps ST2 to ST7 of FIG. 10 and of which reconstructedimage has only horizontal parallax and is observed by a white light fromabove. The methods may be adapted to various sorts of known CGHs. Theother examples include a computer-synthesized hologram of Patentdocument 3. Hereinafter, the fabrication method for a computer-generatedhologram will be described with reference to Patent document 3.

In accordance with the basic principle of the computer-generatedhologram which is available for the fabrication method for a CGH of thepresent invention, in order to deprive the pixel structure on a hologramplane, a number of virtual point light sources having a radiance thatvaries according to the radiation direction and is equal to the radianceof an object surface in the corresponding direction or a number ofvirtual point light sources having a radiance that varies according tothe condensing direction and is equal to the radiance of an objectsurface in the corresponding direction are defined at a position spacedaway from the hologram plane so that a computer-generated hologram isfabricated by using light which radiates from the virtual point lightsources or condense onto the virtual condensing points as virtual objectbeam, thereby obtaining a computer-generated hologram (CGH) havinghigher resolution and can dispense with any holographic photographing.

The principle of the computer-generated hologram thereof will now bedescribed.

As shown in FIG. 12 illustrative of the principle of the invention, acluster 31 of virtual point light sources, an object 10 (correspondingto the object 10 shown in FIG. 6 or the objects Fa, Fb, and Fc), a CGH32, and an observer M are located in this order along a plus directionalong a z-axis. With the center of the CGH 32 defining the origin ofcoordinates, x-axis and y-axis are determined in mutually orthogonaldirections which are orthogonal to the z-axis. Assuming that thecoordinates of the virtual point light source cluster 31 are (x₁, y₁,z₁), the coordinates of the object 10 are (x₀, y₀, z₀), and thecoordinates of the CGH 32 are (x₂, y₂, z₂), the radiance of the object10 in the θ_(xz), θ_(yz) directions at a point S (x₀, y₀, z₀) where canbe observed by the observer M among the points of intersection of theobject 10 with a straight line Q_(i)P_(j) connecting an i-th virtualpoint light source Q_(i) (x₁, y₁, z₁) and a j-th cell P_(j) (x₂, y₂, z₂)of the CGH 32 is represented by T_(WLci) (θ_(xz), θ_(yz)). Here, θ_(xz)is an angle of the straight light Q_(i)P_(j) relative to the z-axis whenprojected onto an x-z plane, and θ_(yz) is an angle of the straight lineQ_(i)P_(j) relative to the z-axis when projected onto a y-z plane.

Assuming that a wavelength is λ_(c), the amplitude of wavelength λ_(c)of the virtual point light source Q_(i) is A_(WLci), the initial phaseis φ_(WLci), and r_(ij) is the distance between Q_(i) and P_(j), thecomplex amplitude value O_(WLc) (x₂, y₂, z₂) of an object wave 21 atP_(j) (x₂, y₂, z₂) becomes:

$\begin{matrix}{{O_{WLc}\left( {x_{2},y_{2},z_{2}} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{M}{\left\{ {A_{WLci}{{T_{WLci}\left( {\theta_{xz},\theta_{yz}} \right)}/{r_{ij}}}} \right\} \times {\exp\left\lbrack {j\left\{ {{\left( {2{\pi/\lambda_{c}}} \right)r_{ij}} + \phi_{WLci}} \right\}} \right\rbrack}}}} & (1)\end{matrix}$It should be noted that the amplitude A_(WLci) may be all likewise setto 1.

Assuming that the incident vector of reference beam 22 consisting ofparallel light incident on the CGH 32 is (R_(x), R_(y), R_(z)), theamplitude of the wavelength λ_(c) thereof is R_(WLc0), and the phasethereof at the origin of the coordinates is φ_(RWLc), the complexamplitude value R_(WLc) (x₂, y₂, z₂) of the reference beam 22 becomes:

$\begin{matrix}{{R_{WLc}\left( {x_{2},y_{2},z_{2}} \right)} = {{R_{{WLc}\; 0} \cdot \exp}{\quad\left\lbrack {j\left\{ {{\left( {2{\pi/\lambda_{c}}} \right) \times {\left( {{R_{x}x_{2}} + {R_{y}y_{2}} + {R_{z}z_{2}}} \right)/\left( {R_{x}^{2} + R_{y}^{2} + R_{z}^{2}} \right)^{1/2}}} + \varphi_{{RWL}_{c}}} \right\}} \right\rbrack}}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

Te intensity value, I_(WLc) (x₂, y₂, z₂), of interference fringes ofobject wave 21 and the reference beam 22 at P_(j) (x₂, y₂, z₂) is:

$\begin{matrix}{{I_{WLc}\left( {x_{2},y_{2},z_{2}} \right)} = {{{O_{WLc}\left( {x_{2},y_{2},z_{2}} \right)} + {R_{WLc}\left( {x_{2},{y_{2}z_{2}}} \right)}}}^{2}} & (3)\end{matrix}$

In the above equations, the distance r_(ij) between Q_(i) and P_(j) is:r _(ij)={(x ₂ −x ₁)²+(y ₂ −y ₁)²+(z ₂−z₁)²}^(1/2)   (4)

The angle θ_(xz) of the straight line Q_(i)P_(j) relative to the Z-axiswhen projected onto the X-Z plane is:θ_(xz)=tan⁻¹{(x ₂ −x ₁)/(z ₂ −z ₁)}  (5)

The angle θ_(yz) of the straight line Q_(i)P_(j) relative to the Z-axiswhen projected onto the Y-Z plane is:θ_(yz)=tan⁻¹{(y ₂ −y ₁)/(z ₂ −z _(l))}  (6)The initial phases φ_(WLci) of the virtual point light sources Q_(i) aremutually independently and constantly determined among virtual pointlight sources Q_(i).

As can be seen from the above description, a number of virtual pointlight sources Q_(i) (x₁, y₁, z₁) are set on a side opposite to theobserving side of the three-dimensional object 10 which can be recordedand reconstructed as CHG 32. The luminance angle distribution T_(WLci)(θ_(xz), θ_(yz)) of divergent beams from the respective virtual pointlight sources Q_(i) is set in such a way as to become equal to that onthe surface of the three-dimensional object 10 as the virtual pointlight sources Q_(i) are observed from the observing side through thethree-dimensional object 10, and the initial phase φ_(WLci) of thevirtual point light source Q_(i) is mutually independently andconstantly set among virtual point light sources Q_(i). Divergent lightbeams from such virtual point light sources Q_(i) are superimposed oneupon another on the surface of the CGH 32, and the thus superposed phaseand amplitude are holographically recorded (by interference withreference beam 22), thereby obtaining CGH 32 of the present inventionwhich can reconstruct the three-dimensional object 10.

In the arrangement of FIG. 12, it is noted that the CGH 32 is notnecessarily positioned on the observing side of object 10 and may belocated anywhere on the observing side of the virtual point light sourcecluster 31. It is also noted that the object 10 is not necessarilypositioned on the observing side of the virtual point light sourcecluster 31.

As reconstruction beam 35 having the same wavelength λ_(c) as that ofthe reference beam 22 is entered in the thus fabricated CGH 32 at thesame angle of incidence as that of reference beam 22 as shown in FIG.13, the object (three-dimensional object) 10 is reconstructed as avirtual image (often as a real image depending on the position of CGH 32relative to object 10) by diffraction light 36 diffracted from CGH 32,enabling the observer M to observe the three-dimensional object 10. Bymovement of the viewpoint, the observer will be capable of observing theobject 10 with satisfactory stereoscopic effects. It should beunderstood that although the diffraction light 36 propagates as leavingthe virtual point light source cluster 31, the cluster 31 is yet hard toperceive directly because the light leaving each virtual point lightsource varies in luminance with directions.

A method of fabricating such a CGH 32 in the form of a binary hologramwill now be explained with reference to FIG. 14. In a step ST31, theshape of an object 10 to be recorded into a CGH is defined. Then, in astep ST32, a spatial arrangement for a virtual point light sourcecluster 31, an object 10, a CGH 32 and a reference beam 22, a samplingpoint (Q_(i)) for virtual point light source cluster 31, and a samplingpoint (P_(j)) for the CGH 32 are defined. Then, in a step ST33, aluminance angle distribution T_(WLci) (θ_(xz), θ_(yz)) for each virtualpoint light source is set in such a way as to become equal to that onthe surface of the object 10. Then, in a step ST34, the complexamplitude value O_(WLc) (x₂, y₂, z₂) of object beam and the complexamplitude value R_(WLc) (x₂, y₂, z₂) of the reference beam 22 on thesurface of the CGH 32 are calculated from the equations (1) and (2).Thereafter, in a step ST35, the intensity of interference fringes by theobject beam and the reference beam is computed from equation (3) at eachsampling point defined on the surface of the CGH 32, thereby obtaininginterference fringe data. After the obtained interference fringe dataare quantized in a step ST36, the quantized interference fringe data areconverted into EB lithographic rectangular data in a step ST37 and arerecorded in a medium on an EB lithography system in a step ST38, therebyobtaining the CGH 32.

Though, in FIG. 12, object waves from all virtual point light sourcesQ_(i) are shown as being incident on the cell P_(j) of the CGH 32, it isunderstood that the virtual point light source cluster 31 and the CGH 32can be divided to a number of slice planes vertical to the y-axis suchthat the range of incidence of waves may be limited to within the sliceplanes.

Though, in FIG. 12, point light sources in a two-dimensional plane areemployed as the virtual point light sources, line light sources whichextend in the direction of y-axis and of which light does not scatter inthe direction of y-axis (the light scatters in the direction of x-axis)may be employed as the virtual point light sources.

In the example of FIG. 12, the method of using the interference ofobject beam and reference beam is employed to fix the complex amplitudevalue O_(WLc) (x₂, y₂, z₂) of the object beam as a hologram. Instead ofthis, Lohmann's method and Lee's method (Non-patent document 5) in whichthe complex amplitudes of object waves are directly reconstructed may beemployed, and the method proposed in Patent document 4 may be employed.

FIG. 15 shows another embodiment of the computer-generated hologramwhich is available as the fabrication method of CGH according to theinvention. In this embodiment, the virtual point light source cluster 31and CGH 32 of FIG. 12 are interchanged and the virtual point lightsource cluster 31 is replaced by a virtual condensing point cluster 33.As shown in FIG. 15, a CGH 32, an object 10, a virtual condensing pointcluster 33 and an observer M are located in this order in a plusdirection along a z-axis. With the center of the CGH 32 defining theorigin of coordinates, x-axis and y-axis are determined in mutuallyorthogonal directions which are orthogonal to the z-axis. Assuming thatthe coordinates of the virtual point light source cluster 33 are (x₁,y₁, z₁), the coordinates of object 10 are (x₀, y₀, z₀) and thecoordinates of CGH 32 are (x₂, y₂, z₂), the radiance of object 10 inθ_(xz) and θ_(yz) directions at a point S (x₀, y₀, z₀) which can beobserved by the observer M among the points of intersection of object 10with a straight line Q_(i)P_(j) connecting an ith virtual condensingpoint Q_(i) (x₁, y₁, z₁) with a j-th cell P_(j) (x₂, y₂, z₂) of CGH 32is represented by T_(WLci) (θ_(xz), θ_(yz)). Here, θ_(xz) is an angle ofstraight light Q_(i)P_(j) relative to the z-axis when projected onto anx-z plane, and θ_(yz) is an angle of straight line Q_(i)P_(j) relativeto the z-axis when projected onto a y-z plane.

Assuming that a wavelength is λ_(c), the phase of wavelength λ_(c) ofthe virtual point light source Q_(i) is φ_(WLci), and r_(ij) is thedistance between Q_(i) and P_(j), the complex amplitude value O_(WLc)(x₂, y₂, z₂) of an object wave at P_(j) (x₂, y₂, z₂) becomes, instead ofthe aforementioned formula (1),:

$\begin{matrix}{{O_{WLc}\left( {x_{2},y_{2},z_{2}} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{M}{\left\{ {{T_{WLci}\left( {\theta_{xz},\theta_{yz}} \right)}/{r_{ij}}} \right\} \times {\exp\left\lbrack {j\left\{ {{{- \left( {2{\pi/\lambda_{c}}} \right)}{r_{ij}}} + \phi_{WLci}} \right\}} \right\rbrack}}}} & \left( 1^{\prime} \right)\end{matrix}$

Assuming that the incident vector of reference beam 22 consisting ofparallel light incident on the CGH 32 is (R_(x), R_(y), R_(z)), theamplitude of the wavelength λ_(c) thereof is R_(WLc0), and the phasethereof at the origin of the coordinates is φ_(RWLc), the complexamplitude value R_(WLc) (x₂, y₂, z₂) of the reference beam 22 becomes,similarly to the case of FIG. 12:

$\begin{matrix}{{R_{WLc}\left( {x_{2},y_{2},z_{2}} \right)} = {{R_{{WLc}\; 0} \cdot \exp}{\quad\left\lbrack {j\left\{ {{\left( {2{\pi/\lambda_{c}}} \right) \times {\left( {{R_{x}x_{2}} + {R_{y}y_{2}} + {R_{z}z_{2}}} \right)/\left( {R_{x}^{2} + R_{y}^{2} + R_{z}^{2}} \right)^{1/2}}} + \varphi_{RWLc}} \right\}} \right\rbrack}}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

The intensity value of the interference fringes I_(WLc) (x₂, y₂, z₂) bythe object beam and the reference beam 22 on P_(j) (x₂, y₂, z₂) is,similarly,

$\begin{matrix}{{I_{WLc}\left( {x_{2},y_{2},z_{2}} \right)} = {{{O_{WLc}\left( {x_{2},y_{2},z_{2}} \right)} + {R_{WLc}\left( {x_{2},y_{2},z_{2}} \right)}}}^{2}} & (3)\end{matrix}$

In the above equations, the distance r_(ij) between Q_(i) and P_(j) is:r _(ij)={(x ₂ −x ₁)²+(y ₂ −y ₁)²+(z ₂ −z ₁)²}^(1/2)   (4)

The angle θ_(xz) of the straight line Q_(i)P_(j) relative to the Z-axiswhen projected onto the X-Z plane is:θ_(xz)=tan⁻¹{(x ₂ −x ₁)/(z ₂ −z ₁)}  (5)

The angle θ_(yz) of the straight line Q_(i)P_(j) relative to the Z-axiswhen projected onto the Y-Z plane is:θ_(yz)=tan⁻¹{(y ₂ −y ₁)/(z ₂ −z ₁)}  (6)The initial phases φ_(WLci) of the virtual point light sources Q_(i) aremutually independently and constantly determined among virtual pointlight sources Q_(i).

As can be seen from the above description, a number of virtual pointlight sources Q_(i) (x₁, y₁, z₁) are set on a side opposite to theobserving side of the three-dimensional object 10 which can be recordedand reconstructed as CHG 32. The luminance angle distribution T_(WLci)(θ_(xz), θ_(yz)) of divergent beams from the respective virtual pointlight sources Q_(i) is set in such a way as to become equal to that onthe surface of the three-dimensional object 10 as the virtual pointlight sources Q_(i) are observed from the observing side through thethree-dimensional object 10, and the initial phase φ_(WLci) of thevirtual point light source Q_(i) is mutually independently andconstantly set among virtual point light sources Q_(i). Convergent lightbeams on such virtual condensing points Q_(i) are superimposed one uponanother on the surface of CGH 32, and the thus superposed phase andamplitude are holographically recorded (by interference with referencebeam 22), thereby obtaining CGH 32 of the present invention which canreconstruct the three-dimensional object 10.

In the arrangement of FIG. 15, it should be noted that the CGH 32 is notnecessarily located on the side opposite to the observing side of theobject 10 and may be located anywhere on the side opposite to theobserving side of the virtual condensing point cluster 33. It is alsonoted that the object 10 is not necessarily positioned on the sideopposite to the observing side of the virtual condensing point cluster33.

It is noted the luminance angle distribution T_(WLci) (θ_(xz), θ_(yz))of convergent light from the object side on the above virtual condensingpoint Qi is the same as that for a computer graphic image generated witha computer graphic camera located at the position of virtual condensingpoint Qi, as shown in FIG. 15, and so the calculation of the equation(1′) can be simplified because usable to this end is a computer graphicimage (3D CG image) generated using commercial software with theviewpoint placed on the virtual condensing point Q_(i).

As reconstruction beam 35 having the same wavelength λ_(c) as that ofthe reference beam 22 is entered in the thus fabricated CGH 32 at thesame angle of incidence as that of the reference beam 22 as shown inFIG. 16, the object (three-dimensional object) 10 is reconstructed as areal image (often as a virtual image depending on the position of theCGH 32 relative to the object 10) by diffraction light 36 diffractedfrom the CGH 32, enabling the observer M to observe thethree-dimensional object 10. By movement of the viewpoint, the observerwill be capable of observing the object 10 with satisfactorythree-dimensional effects. It should be understood that although thediffraction light 36 propagates as leaving the virtual point lightsource cluster 33, the cluster 33 is yet hard to perceive directlybecause the light leaving each virtual point light source varies inluminance with directions.

A method of fabricating such a CGH 32 as explained with reference toFIGS. 15 and 16 in the form of a binary hologram will now be explainedwith reference to FIG. 17. FIG. 17 is essentially similar to FIG. 14,except that in a step ST42, a spatial arrangement of a CGH 32, an object10, a virtual condensing point cluster 33 and a reference beam 22, asampling point (P_(j)) for the CGH 32 and a sampling point (Q_(i)) forthe virtual condensing point cluster 33 are defined, that in a stepST43, a luminance angle distribution T_(WLci) (θ_(xz), θ_(yz)) for eachvirtual point light source is set in such a way as to become equal tothat on the surface of the object 10, and that in a step ST44, thecomplex amplitude value O_(WLc) (x₂, y₂, z₂) of the object beam and thecomplex amplitude value R_(WLc) (x₂, y₂, z₂) of the reference beam 22 onthe surface of the CGH 32 are calculated from the equations (1′) and(2). Therefore, other description will be omitted.

Also in this embodiment, object waves incident on all virtual condensingpoints Q_(i) are shown as being incident on the cell P_(j) of the CGH32, it is understood that the virtual condensing point cluster 33 andthe CGH 32 may be divided to a number of slice planes vertical to they-axis in such a way that the range of incidence of waves may be limitedto within the slice planes.

Though, in FIG. 15, point light sources in a two-dimensional plane areemployed as the virtual point light sources, line light sources whichextend in the direction of y-axis and of which light does not scatter inthe direction of y-axis (the light scatters in the direction of x-axis)may be employed as the virtual point light sources.

In the example of FIG. 15, the method of using the interference ofobject beam and reference beam is employed to fix the complex amplitudevalue O_(WLc) (x₂, y₂, z₂) of the object beam as a hologram. Instead ofthis, Lohmann's method and Lee's method (Non-patent document 5) in whichthe complex amplitudes of object waves are directly reconstructed may beemployed, and the method proposed in Patent document 4 may be employed.

According to the present invention, the data of the object 10 as shownin FIG. 6 and the data of the objects Fa, Fb, and Fc are used as thedata of the three-dimensional object 10 to be recorded in the CGH 32fabricated by the aforementioned method.

The present invention includes fabrication method for the holographicstereogram in which three-dimensional objects having visualizedcross-sectional surfaces is recorded and also includes the holographicstereogram thereof. In the fabrication method for a holographicstereogram of the present invention, similarly to the fabrication methodfor a computer-generated hologram of the present invention mentionedabove in which three-dimensional object having visualizedcross-sectional surfaces is recorded, a number of two-dimensionalcross-sectional image data of the three-dimensional object are obtainedby a measuring device such as an X-ray-CT, an MRI or a TEM, athree-dimensional image composed only of the surface data (polygon data)thereof is produced as CG (computer graphic) data from the obtainedtwo-dimensional cross-sectional image data, and surface data (polygondata) are added to cross-sectional surfaces on a cross section alongwhich the obtained three-dimensional object is cut (the object justafter cutting has no surface data (no polygon data)) so as to visualizethe cross-sectional surfaces, thereby obtaining CG data of athree-dimensional object having visualized cross-sectional surfaces. Byusing the CG data of the three-dimensional object having visualizedcross-sectional surfaces, that is, the CG data of the three-dimensionalobject having visualized cross-sectional surface defined in the stepsST11 to ST14 of FIG. 1 or the CG data of the three-dimensional objecthaving visualized cross-sectional surfaces defined in the steps ST21 toST24 of FIG. 7, a holographic stereogram is fabricated.

There are two main types of holographic stereogram which have beendeveloped. From the number of times of photographing steps, they arecalled as a 2 step holographic stereogram and a 1 step holographicstereogram.

The 2 step holographic stereogram is fabricated by two times ofphotographing steps as its name indicates. The detail of thisfabrication method is described in Patent document 5. The following is abrief description of the method. The method comprises the followingthree processes: (1) preparing two-dimensional images of a target objecttaken from a plurality of positions distant from the object, (2)dividing a first sensitive material into a plurality of areas andholographically recording corresponding images among the imaged preparedin process (1) to the respective areas so as to fabricate a firsthologram, and (3) irradiating the reconstruction beam to the firsthologram to reconstruct the images and recording thus reconstructedimages to a second sensitive material so as to fabricate a secondhologram. On the other hand, the 1 step holographic stereogram isfabricated by one time of photographing step as its name indicates. Thedetail of the fabrication method is described in Patent document 6,Patent document 7, Non-patent document 6, Non-patent document 7, andNon-patent document 8. The following is a brief description of themethod. The method comprises the following two processes: (1) obtainingbeams to be irradiated from a number of positions on a sensitivematerial, and (2) dividing the sensitive material into a plurality ofareas and holographically recording beams to be reconstructed from theareas to the corresponding areas obtained in process (1).

Either the 2 step holographic stereogram or the 1 step holographicstereogram enables stereoscopic viewing and is thus used as ageneral-purpose reconstructing medium of stereoimage.

Hereinafter, description will be made as regard to an example in whichCG data of the three-dimensional object having visualizedcross-sectional surfaces defined in the steps ST11 to ST14 of FIG. 1 orCG data of the three-dimensional object having visualizedcross-sectional surfaces defined in the steps ST21 to ST24 of FIG. 7 areused as an object to be recorded in a multi-dot holographic stereogram(hereinafter, referred to as “multi-dot HS” for simplicity) as describedin Non-patent document 6, Non-patent document 7, and Non-patent document8.

The fabrication method for a multi-dot HS will be briefly described withreference to FIG. 18 illustrating its principle. A three-dimensionalobject to be displayed is defined as O (corresponding to the object 10of FIG. 6), and a volume hologram which reconstructs thethree-dimensional object O is defined as H. A volume hologram sensitivematerial in the step photographing the hologram H is also denoted by H.The volume hologram H is composed of minute element holograms a₁ througha_(N) which are arranged in a line. The relative location of thethree-dimensional object O and the hologram H is considered as beingfixed.

The beams which pass through the center of a certain element holograma_(n) and have different angles relative to the plane of the hologram isdefined as B₁ through B₅ and the positions where the beams B₁ through B₅intersect with the surface of the three-dimensional object are definedas 1-5. When the element hologram a_(n) is recorded in such a mannerthat the beams B₁ through B₅ having different angles diffracted from theelement hologram a_(n) have the information of the positions on thesurface of three-dimensional object 1-5, respectively, and the observersees the element hologram a_(n) with his or her left and right eyesE_(L), E_(R), the surface information of the three-dimensional object Oat the positions where respective lines connecting the eyes E_(L), E_(R)and the element hologram a_(n) intersect with the surface of thethree-dimensional object O is incident on the left and right eyes E_(L),E_(R).

When the other element hologram am is recorded in the same way, theobserver perceives the stereoimage O as the three-dimensional image onthe principle of binocular parallax. This is because, even if theobserver observes any portion of the hologram H with his or her left andright eyes E_(L), E_(R), the surface information of thethree-dimensional object O at the positions where respective linesconnecting the portion and the left and right eyes E_(L), E_(R)intersect with the surface of the three-dimensional object O areincident on the left and right eyes E_(L), E_(R). By aligning theelement holograms a₁ through a_(N) in one-dimensional direction, theholographic stereogram in which the three-dimensional image can bereconstructed by the binocular parallax only in horizontal direction isobtained. On the other hand, by aligning the element holograms a₁through a_(N) in two-dimensional directions, the holographic stereogramin which the three-dimensional image can be reconstructed by thebinocular parallax in any direction is obtained. This is the principleof the multi-dot HS.

To record the element hologram a_(n), the beams B₁ through B₅ areextended to the opposite side of the observer, information at thepositions 1-5 of the surface of the three-dimensional object O isdisplayed on a display surface of a display (for example, a liquidcrystal display) LCD at intersections 1-5 where the extended beams B₁through B₅ intersect with the display surface, and the beams B₁ throughB₅ modulated by passing through the displaying positions 1 to 5 and thereference beam A of the given angle are interfered with each other atthe position of the element hologram a_(n) of the volume hologramsensitive material H, In this manner, the multi-dot HS is obtained. Theforegoing information displayed on the positions 1-5 of the displaysurface of the display LCD is synthesized from the CG data of thethree-dimensional object having visualized cross-sectional surfacesdefined in the steps ST11 to ST14 of FIG. 1 or synthesized from the CGdata of the three-dimensional object having visualized cross-sectionalsurfaces defined in the steps ST21 to ST24 of FIG. 7.

As mentioned above, as the multi-dot HS is reconstructed, the beams fromthe respective points on the hologram H can be reconstructed correctlyso that the stereoimage of the recorded three-dimensional object O canbe observed. This means that, with the areas of the element holograms a₁through a_(N) of the hologram H being used as windows, the direction andthe intensity of each of all beams from the three-dimensional object Oto be observed are correctly recorded and correctly reconstructedthrough the windows. Therefore, it is possible to reconstruct thestereoimage without any distortion.

Now, an example of the fabrication method for the multi-dot HS of thepresent invention will be described with reference to Non-patentdocument 7 with FIG. 19 and FIG. 20.

FIG. 19 is a schematic view showing an example of the fabrication systemfor the multi-dot HS of the present invention and FIG. 20 is a flowchart for explaining the fabrication process for the multi-dot HS of thepresent invention. An operator observes the three-dimensional object ona monitor of a computer 40 from a variety of different angles and setsthe output direction.

First, in a step ST51 of FIG. 20, three-dimensional image data areentered to the host computer 40. In the present invention, thethree-dimensional image data are CG data of a three-dimensional objecthaving visualized cross-sectional surfaces defined in the steps ST11 toST14 of FIG. 1 or CG data of a three-dimensional object havingvisualized cross-sectional surfaces defined in the steps ST21 to ST24 ofFIG. 7.

Then, in a step ST52, a hologram dry plate 52 is moved by a filmmovement controller 46 to set the hologram dry plate 52 at a desiredposition.

In a step ST53, original image patterns to be exposed on respectivepoints of a hologram from the original three-dimensional data arecalculated by a graphic processor 42 according to the principle of FIG.18 and are stored in a frame memory 44.

In a step ST54, the original image patterns are displayed on a liquidcrystal panel 55.

Then, in a step ST55, a shutter of an optical system 48 is opened toexpose the liquid crystal panel 55. The laser beam taken from a laserdevice 49 is split to an object beam and a reference beam by a beamsplitter 53. The object beam is amplitude-modulated by the imagepatterns of the liquid crystal panel 55 and is phase-modulated by apseudorandom diffuser 51. The thus modulated object beam is condensed ona hologram plane 52 to cooperate together with the reference beam toproduce a single element hologram.

In a step ST56, the hologram dry plate 52 is moved by the film movementcontroller 46 sequentially so as to conduct the exposure over the wholehologram plane 52 in a step ST57.

After that, in a step ST58, image development of the hologram 52 isconducted by a developing unit 50 so as to automatically produce amulti-dot HS.

It should be noted that the graphic processor 42, the film transferringcontroller 46, and the developing unit 50 are controlled by a CPU.

In this example, the original image corresponding to a coordinateposition of the condensing point on the hologram plane 52, that is, thetwo-dimensional image of the three-dimensional object having visualizedcross-sectional surfaces defined in the steps ST11 to ST14 of FIG. 1 orthe two-dimensional image of the three-dimensional having visualizedcross-sectional surfaces defined in the step ST21 to ST24 of FIG. 7, tobe observed through a window that is the coordinate position of thecondensing point on the hologram plane 52, is produced as original imagedata. The original image data is displayed on the liquid crystal panel55 as a display means. A dot-like element hologram corresponding to theoriginal image is formed on the hologram plane 52 by using the opticalsystem 48. The sequential movement and display of the coordinateposition of the condensing point on the hologram plane 52 and formationof an element hologram are repeated, thereby forming a plurality ofdot-like element holograms to the hologram plane 52. In this manner,element holograms are formed with adding the phase modulation to theobject beam condensed on the hologram plane 52 by the pseudorandomdiffuser 51.

By the way, among holographic stereograms, there is a type (Non-patentdocument 8) in which images of the three-dimensional object which areprojected in a plurality of directions are used, in stead of thetwo-dimensional images of the three-dimensional object to be observedthrough the respective areas of the element holograms a₁ to a_(N) aswindows as in the case of FIG. 18, as original images to be recorded inthe element holograms a₁ to a_(N). In the holographic stereogram of thistype, from the CG data of the three-dimensional object having visualizedcross-sectional surfaces defined in the steps ST11 to ST14 of FIG. 1 orthe CG data of the three-dimensional object having visualizedcross-sectional surfaces defined in the steps ST21 to ST24 of FIG. 7which are the original three-dimensional data, original image patternsto be exposed on the respective hologram areas of the hologram arecomputed, as images projected in the corresponding directions, by thegraphic processor 42 in the step ST53 of FIG. 20. Thus computed originalimage patterns are stored in the frame memory 44. Also in this case, asknown from Non-patent document 5 and the like, the holographicstereogram may be fabricated as a two-step holographic stereogram. Thatis, the reconstruction beam is irradiated on the first hologram obtainedin the step ST58 to reconstruct the image, the reconstructed image isrecorded in a second hologram dry plate (a sensitive material) so as tofabricate a second hologram, and the second hologram is fabricated as aholographic stereogram which can reconstruct the three-dimensionalobject having visualized cross-sectional surfaces.

Though the example of FIG. 19 and FIG. 20 has been described as anexample in which the original image data to be recorded in the elementholograms a₁ to a_(N) of the holographic stereogram are sequentiallyswitched and displayed on the display (liquid crystal panel 55) and theoriginal image data displayed on the display (liquid crystal panel 55)are recorded as the element holograms a₁ to a_(N), the original imagedata may be recorded as disclosed in Non-patent document 8 andNon-patent document 9. That is, the original image data may be recordedin a film once and the original image data recorded on the film aresequentially projected while sending the film forth and are recorded asthe element holograms a₁ to a_(N),.

Though the computer-generated hologram and the holographic stereogram inwhich the three-dimensional object having visualized cross-sectionalsurfaces is recorded and the fabrication methods for the same of thepresent invention have been described based on the principles thereofand the embodiments thereof, the present invention is not limited to theembodiments and various modifications may be made. For example, thoughthe two-dimensional cross-sectional image data obtained in the step ST11of FIG. 1 were mutually parallel cross-sectional data, these may be anumber of two-dimensional cross-sectional image data of cross sectionsobtained by gradually rotating around a single axis.

Moreover, if a computer-generated hologram or a holographic stereogramin which a three-dimensional object having visualized cross-sectionalsurfaces is recorded of the present invention as mentioned above isattached to a predetermined position of a printed matter such as amagazine, a book, or the like, a third person can easily observe thethree-dimensional object abound in reality because the cross sectionthereof is visualized.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

According to a computer-generated hologram and a holographic stereogramin which the three-dimensional object having visualized cross-sectionalsurfaces is recorded and fabrication methods for the same of the presentinvention, a three-dimensional structure obtained by processingtwo-dimensional cross-sectional image data or a three-dimensionalstructure obtained by processing volume data can be recorded in acomputer-generated hologram or a holographic stereogram which is able toreconstruct the three-dimensional structure as a stereoimage, and can berecorded such that the three-dimensional structure which is cut along agiven cross section can be reconstructed with visualized cross-sectionalsurfaces on the cross section. Further, a computer-generated hologramcan be fabricated which can switch to reconstruct the whole shape andthe shape when cut along a given cross section of a three-dimensionalobject as stereoimages. Furthermore, by attaching such acomputer-generated hologram or a holographic stereogram in which athree-dimensional object is reconstructably recorded to a printed matteras a medium, it is possible to distribute the holograms or stereogramswidely to third persons.

1. A fabrication method for a computer-generated hologram in which athree-dimensional object having visualized cross-sectional surfaces isrecorded, including: a step of obtaining a number of two-dimensionalimage data, of the three-dimensional object, along a plurality ofplanes; a step of producing three-dimensional image data composed onlyof surface data of the three-dimensional object from the two-dimensionalimage data obtained in the above step; a step of cutting thethree-dimensional object image data composed only of the surface dataproduced in the above step along a predetermined plane different fromthe plurality of planes; a step of defining the shape of thethree-dimensional object to be recorded in a hologram by adding surfacedata representing cross-sectional surfaces on the plane different fromthe plurality of planes; a step of defining the arrangement of thethree-dimensional object defined in the above step, a hologram plane,and a reference beam to compute interference fringes on the hologramplane; and a step of recording the interference fringes computed in theabove step onto a recording medium.
 2. A fabrication method for acomputer-generated hologram in which a three-dimensional object havingvisualized cross-sectional surfaces is recorded as claimed in claim 1,wherein said two-dimensional image data of the three-dimensional objectare obtained by an X-ray CT (X-ray Computer Tomography), an MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging), or a TEM (Transmittance ElectronMicroscope).
 3. A computer-generated hologram in which athree-dimensional object having visualized cross-sectional surfaces isrecorded, wherein the computer-generated hologram is fabricated by afabrication method for a computer-generated hologram in which athree-dimensional object having visualized cross-sectional surfaces isrecorded as claimed in any one of claim 1 or
 2. 4. A printed matter witha computer-generated hologram attached at a predetermined positionthereof, the computer-generated hologram being fabricated by thefabrication method of claim 1.